It is actually a nice and helpful piece of info. In some districts there was scarcity of wheat and no surpluses were available from abroad. The only answer was for Muslims to move into Pakistan and non-Muslims to move into India. Cit., P. 281. Impressed with the spirit of enthusiasm of Pakistan, the Muslims from all over India, particularly from Delhi Province and the Western district of U.P. The partition of the subcontinent cut across many rivers and canals. Around 90 % of the people lived in the countryside, and there were only 8 towns with a population of more than 100,000 (Karachi, Lahore, Dhaka, Hyderabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, and Peshawar). In Gurdaspur District, two contiguous Muslims Majority tehsils, Gurdaspur and Batala, were given to Bharat alongwith Pathankot tehsil. cit. It appears that Mountbatten was “fully aware of the Akali-RSSS (Rashtryiya Sawayam Sevak Sangh) conspiracy to eliminate the Muslims but had refused to take action”. The tehsils of Julundur and Nakodar were also given to Bharat. The Government of Pakistan, therefore, was contemplating of demanding more space that might be adjacent to its territory and wanted to submit its case to the U.N. for decision in case the Muslims of India were further compelled to migrate to Pakistan and the Indian Government failed to protect their life, honour and property. Unequal Lines Even it is not easy to wake up for schools early in the morning everyday that is a very big responsibility to reach in time. However, it was ignored till the December of that year when it was feared that Urdu alone would be the language of the State. Thousands of women – Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh – were abducted, never to be seen again by their relatives. Major General Fazal Muqeem, The Story of Pakistan Army, p. 39. Its troops refused to fire on members of their own communities. (Ref "129"), The language movement started off in earnest in 1948 that the State language. On the eve of its creation Pakistan faced a number of stupendous problems which hardly had any parallel in the history of the world especially of any newly born state. 124 – 25. (Ref "142"). (Ref "26"), All this brought an endless chain of problems for the newly established state of Pakistan. Peons were plentiful but peon cannot run the Government. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, op.cit, p. 282. Pakistan has been facing different challenges regarding to its economy. So, too, did its solitary lunatic asylum". (Ref "71"), The question arises whether Mr. Bhutto (Dewan of Junagadh) was competent to ask India to help the State in the maintenance of its law and order which had acceded to Pakistan? Burke, Jinnah Speeches and Statements 1947 – 1948, Karachi 2002, pp. Dr. Mohammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, op.cit. Dr. Mohammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, op. Muhammad Ali, The Emergence of Pakistan, p. 221. However, Pakistan was angered that India retained the largest area of Kashmir, including the capital, Srinagar. The pattern of government had yet to be determined, the broad outlines of the State policies, domestic as well as foreign, to be worked out and the kind of society to be built was still not known. Pakistan came into existence on 14th august 1947. (Ref "120"), There was no proper equipment to run the administration. The evacuation or those unfortunate persons have been our first concern and everything that is humanly possible is being done to alleviate their suffering. He quoted the speech of sardar Vallabhai Patel. Pakistan was mainly made up of five different groups: These people had different traditions, cultures, languages, and lifestyles. Darjeeling and Jalpaigari were also handed over to Bharat. The Punjab Boundary Force, containing both Muslim and non-Muslim troops and commanded by British senior officers, was utterly incapable of maintaining peace. All the Punjab’s jails wound up in Pakistan. Now you have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy you will have to be alert, very alert for the time for relaxation is not yet there. In March 1948 Jinnah came on a tour to Dhaka. Pakistan’s economy is facing its adverse condition due to lot of reasons. These island were British possessions and administered by the Central Government so they did not fall in the same category as other Chief commissioners Provinces reserved to the Governor-General under the Act of 1935. Pakistan was carved out in desperate urgency. He made it clear that from a purely legal standpoint there was no objection to the ruler of Jodhpur acceding to Pakistan; but the Maharaja should consider seriously the consequences of doing so, having regard to the fact that he himself was a Hindu, that his State was populated predominantly by Hindus and that the same applied to the State surrounding Jodhpur. The Quaid, therefore, moved his headquarters to Lahore in order to give his personal attention to the grave situation. But an acrimonious conversation followed in which general Gracey attributed to Sir Francis Mudie language of undiplomatic tone and imperiousness. With the persuasion of Mountbatten and the skill of V.P. The popular belief in India at the time of declaration of the Award was that “Radcliffe will award as His Excellency dictates. Unlawful customs b. Feudalism c. Crimes against women d. Domestic violence e. Outdated and perennial culture f. Forced and early marriages g. (Ref "118"), Hastily constructed tin sheds provided the bulk of office accommodation. Several units still had Hindu and Sikh commanding officers and a number of Hindus held appointments at Pakistan G.H.Q. All of them were either killed or driven out. (Ref "140"). Bahawalpur acceded to Pakistan on 3 October 1947, followed by Kahirpur, Chitral, Swat, Dir, and Amb during the next few months. (Ref "123"), A “separatist movement” in East Pakistan and a “secessionist movement in the North West Frontier Province supported by Afghanistan”. Most of the three million people who died during the great famine of Bengal of 1943 were from the landless population. The Pakistan Times, 10 July 1948, p. 4a. The Government of Pakistan pointed out that the Dewan was not entitled to negotiate settlement. The Pakistan Times, 4 September 1981, p. 1h. A tehsil in India was more or less as large as English county. Had Pakistan received its due share of assets, it would have ushered in an era of cordial relations between the two states. On the other hand, Urdu was the mother tongue of only 6 percent people of the whole of Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam as Governor-General chose Karachi. It was agreed to split the army along religious lines as in the table below. But why should it mean that? Similarly, “without Gurdaspur, India would have no practical land access to Kashmir and its vacillating Hindu Maharaja, Hari Singh, would have had no choice except to link Kashmir’s destiny to Pakistan”(Ref "16"), The tearing of the Muslim area of Gurdaspur district from Pakistan had been precisely so devised as to facilitate and ensure India’s communications with Jammu and Kashmir. (Ref "17"), The Pakistanis believe that a “deliberate policy” was sought to ‘strangle Pakistan”(Ref "18"), Besides these glaring injustices to the Muslims the Radcliffe Award produced no natural boundary line between the two countries which were hostile to each other. (Ref "43"), In Kapurthala state, with a Sikh ruler, Muslims were in a majority. The new state of Pakistan needed a leadership  which could inspire confidence in the people and weld them together into one solid whole despite cultural pluralism. The other factors’ were neither elaborated nor properly defined. Overpopulation, inflation and unemployment is the major problem of Pakistan country. This became a major cause of the Indian-Pakistani conflict with proactive actions from both countries to become Kashmir`s dominions. WOMEN IN PAKISTAN Outline 1. introduction Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 with thesis statement leading to the conclusion. The military supplies which India agreed to hand over sometimes did not arrive, or when they did, they were often old, worn, damaged and obsolete. The Pakistan Times, 10, July, 1948, p. 4a. (Ref "144"), Rail and road communications were also poor and ill-developed. Bangla was the mother tongue of about 56 percent of the people of Pakistan. (Ref "11"), Rushbrook Williams points out: The violence upheavals immediately following the partition had shattered the economy, communications and peaceful conditions in the country. 1.Education System is based on. Though Pakistan’s share of the stores was 160 train-load of military equipment and weapons. (Ref "106"), It appears that Mountbatten and Indian leaders were determined to make Pakistan a weak and feeble state, to be at the mercy of India. (Ref "117"), The country, therefore, suffered from acute shortages in trained staff, accommodation, records office equipment, and communication. What mattered to them, above all else, was to cripple and thwart the establishment of Pakistan as a viable, independent nation; and since the Joint Defence Council and the Supreme Headquarters were, in their view, the main obstacles on their road to the fulfillment of this aim, these must be swiftly and systematically undermined''. He gave away to India some sizeable Muslim majority areas against the settled and agreed principles of territorial demarcation. (Ref "98"), Like Mountbatten, General Auchinleck too was originally opposed to partition but entrusted with the task of division of assets, when the latter and his team mates tried to perform their duties seriously, they were continuously and virulently accused of being pro-Pakistan and partial by the Hindus, whereas the truth was that they had merely tried to do their duty impartially and without fear, favour or affection which was universally acknowledged by all fair-minded people. “not with a ‘bonafide’ object, but as a sinister move actuated by spite and bitterness…..firstly to create more difficulties in the way for the British Government and secondly to unnerve the Muslims by opening and repeatedly emphasizing that the Muslims will get a truncated or mutilated, moth-eaten Pakistan. (Ref "48"), The Pakistan government estimated that in the exchange of population, excluding those from Kashmir, approximately 6,500,500 refugees came into Pakistan. (Ref "4"), The Chairman of the Commission presided over two of the four procedural meetings on 14 and 15 July 1947 and did not attend any session of the regular public sittings. Those who survived were harassed by guerilla groups, went without food and sleep, and encountered unprecedented floods along the escape routes. 365, p. 674, No. Distribution of military assets was another problem faced by Pakistan in its early days. Nehru argued that it would involve intolerable delay. Those of our brethren who are minorities in Hindustan may rest assured that we shall never neglect or forget them. On the eve of its creation Pakistan faced a number of stupendous problems which hardly had any parallel in the history of the world especially of any newly born state. (Ref "34"), The objectives of the ‘Sikh Plan’ were:(Ref "35"), Extensive sabotage and destruction of Muslim life and property; and. 11 – Acute Respiratory Infection – Top 15 health issues in Pakistan. Soon after its establishment Pakistan faced number of problems. (Ref "73"), The question arises: Once a state has had acceded to a Dominion, did the Instrument of Accession permit the ruler or his agent to hand over its administration to another Dominion before the renouncement of the Accession? (Ref "138"), Though cotton was the largest cash crop in West Pakistan, there were only a few cotton – mills – quite inadequate to handle it. 4. Soon after its establishment Pakistan faced number of problems. There was only one Training Centre, the staff college at Quetta in pakistan, at the time of Partition. It had to be disbanded, leaving the armies of Pakistan and India responsible for their respective area. Ibid, 7 July, 1948, p. 6a. These plans were only partially successful. Although Pakistan was created to unite the Muslim population of the old British India, it did not have natural borders, such as rivers, mountains, or the sea. The Prime Minister of Pakistan pointed out to the Prime Minister of India in his telegram on 2 October, 1947: (Ref "86"), The Nizam, on the other hand, leveled charges against Mountbatten and the Indian Government that they failed to supply arms and ammunition which was urgently needed for the internal security of Hyderabad as they would have under the Standstill Agreement: that when Hyderabad tried to import arms and ammunition from other sources, the Indian Government did nothing to prevent border raids inspite of the repeated representations: that the Indian Government sent their soldiers in mufti to create trouble inside Hyderabad: that the economic blockade of the State since 15 August, was intensified. We proud of you. But Pakistan was to face many more problems than India. Ch. The role played by the expatriate British officers in both Dominions, India and Pakistan, was significant. I, P. XXVIII. Elimination of Muslims from the Sikh Belt along the eastern border of the West Punjab. House of Commons Debates, Vol. The division of assets between India and Pakistan was a significant issue, on the eve of independence between the two Dominions. Pakistan is once again passing through a critical phase of its history marked by political instability and serious economic problems. The Pakistan Times, 16 October 1947, p. 1a. But he was not a man to be over-powered by any danger, challenge or obstacle that confronted him. Pakistan has had to face several forces working to cripple and thwart her very existence. The reasons for decline are over population, terrorism, bad governance and low literacy level. Sayeed , Pakistan in the formative phase. You will see traffic jams on the roads at morning and evening timings. Most of the problems of Pakistan were related withPakistan dispute with India, such as the accession of the princely states, canal Water dispute, refugees' … The Muslims living in Sikh states in East Punjab met the worst fate. She had no accessible iron-ore; very little oil, limited to the Attock area West of Rawalpindi; and no rich mineral like India’s manganese or thorium; though rock-salt was available in the Khewra mines, its money earning power was meager. The New York times, 10 September, 1948. Realizing Pakitan’s weak financial position, the Indian Government was “encouraging the exodus of Muslims: 12 Refugee train were sent to Pakistan from U.P. So began one of the largest migrations ever witnessed in the history of making and also some of eh worst scenes of communal violence. Reaching Karachi on 11 November Mr. Bhutto told the A.P.I that Junagadh was still a part of Pakistan and the State only asked the Indian Union to help in the maintenance of law and order. cit,., Vol. It needs a long discussion to expatiate about improving written English but let me give you some rudimentary tips. A basic […] The state of Jammu and Kashmir posed a threat to the stability of the new nation with seemingly endless hostility between India and Pakistan. • Quaid-e-Azam took the office of the Governor General, Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed as Prime Minister and a Cabinet of experienced persons was selected. Pakistan also needed armed forces and military equipment to ensure its security. Mahajan, Mehr, Chand, Looking Back; The Autobiography, Bombay, 1963, p. 114. The Morning News, Dhaka, 06 December, 1947. Mudie and Mamdot suggested plan for speedy solution of Refugee problem Consequently, Liaquat stated that the Government of Pakistan “must refuse in any way to facilitate abandonment by Muslim of their homes and properties in India outside East Punjab”. In this I am supported by the unanimous opinion of my senior officers and indeed by all responsible British officers cognizant of the situation since the 15th August……the Indian leaders, Cabinet Ministers. Qureshi, A short History of Pakistan. Current Literacy Rate in Pakistan 2020 (Updated) As of January 2020, Pakistan vows to raise literacy rate from 58% to 70% in four years by providing school access to approximately 22.8 million students, improving the education system for all age groups through the application of modern technological resources.. Primary: 22,650,000; Post-Secondary: 1,949,000 (Ref "72"), Mountbatten’s biographer confesses: Legally Pakistan was in the right. The British system of government had given these diverse people a very little opportunity to participate in government. Not a building was available, and the first few offices  which came into being were housed under trees and on pavements. (Ref "62"), Mountbatten “strongly disapproved” their measure and put them under great pressure. India eventually agreed to pay 60 million rupees in lieu of handing over ordnance factories and this was used by the Pakistani government to build an ordnance factory at Wah. EARLY MARRIAGE: A Harmful Traditional Practice 3 This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any front iers. (Ref "130"), Mr. Jinnah made the statement on the assumption that one language unites a new nation and that nobody, except anti-Pakistan agitators, were against Urdu. T. Walter Wallbank, A Short History of India & Pakistan. To quote Vice Admiral Jefrord who was then head of Pakistan Navy: Most of the problems of Pakistan were related with Pakistan dispute with India, such as the accession of the princely states, canal Water dispute, refugees' problems and distribution of armed and military assets. The result of the division of military assets in 1947 was that Pakistan started its life with a seriously under-resourced military force. Beverly Nichols, Verdict on India, London, 1944, p. 189. (Ref "105"), India released only items of general nature, including a considerable amount of perishable ones, unwanted and obsolete quantities of anti-gas and water-proofing equipment, shoes and boots meant either for Gurkhas or West Africans, and other personal equipment, either too small or too big for the use of Pakistani soldiers. (Ref "12"), Alastair Lamb in his work also admits: In the last few decades of the colonial period, cholera, malaria and a number of other water-borne diseases affected a large section of the people of the region. seven million refugees), was also beyond its means. The maharaja, Hari Singh, did not treat the Muslim population well. The first problem Pakistan had to face was choosing an administrative Capital city to form and establish a government. 2006. (Ref "131"). Some of the Afghan patriots tried to take advantage of the opportunity to bid for a wide belt of territory along the frontier on the grounds that the British tile it had not been based on solid grounds, while some of the hostile Pathans of the boundary region wished to avail themselves of the Civil Chaos in the Plains to engage in looting. cit. Ever since, Pakistan has battled secessionist movements in NWFP, Balochistan, and Sindh. Francis Mudie, Governor of the Punjab, wanted to stop the inflow of Muslim refugees from India, except from East Punjab. Despite this fact, the Government of India coerced its chief to sign Instrument of Accession with India. (Ref "37"), On the announcement of the partition plan in March 1947, and the resignation of Khizer Hyat ministry, master Tara Singh, the Sikh leader, openly called for violent resistance. (PDF) Difficulties and problems faced in establishment of Pakistan | Ahmad Iftikhar - Academia.edu Pakistan was established in 1947 and since its inception, it has been surrounded by countless issues including but not limited to ill-formed/missing infrastructure, insufficient refined resources, barren or obsolete factories and technologies, The Indian leaders reckoned that, since Pakistan was not economically viable while India was, they could, without serious injury to themselves, hasten her collapse by an antagonistic policy. 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