This referendum has not been held and the ‘Kashmir’ issue remains a major source of discontent between the two countries today. Kashmir, contiguous to Pakistan, had a Muslim majority and a Hindu ruler. If the Indian leaders, on account of their rivalry and antagonistic attitude towards Pakistan, obstructed the work of division of military assets, it was the legal as well as moral duty of Mountbatten and Auchinleck to carry on the process till Pakistan received its just share. Some moved willingly, taking as many of their possessions with them as they could. Instead of awarding the whole Sylhet District and the contiguous Muslim majority areas Assam, only Sylhet District was transferred to Pakistan. Pakistan could not accept this, so sent troops to help the Muslims in Kashmir. Since Pakistan and India achieved independence in 1947, Pakistan has been The Muslim majority areas of Gurdaspur provided India with road link to Kashmir which helped her to occupy and later on maintain her illegal hold over the valley. Pakistan is the country where more than half population is living below the poverty line. (Ref "149"). The canal water had its origins in the portion of Punjab in 1947. Under the provisions of the Indian independence Act, 1947, the Government of India Act, 1935 became, with certain adaptations, the working Constitution of Pakistan. Rushbrook Williams L.H., The State of Pakistan London, 1966, p. 84. This Standstill Agreement, however, unfortunately, never came to be observed in spirit or letter by the Indian Union…..I hope this matter will receive the British government’s and in particular Mr. Attlee’s and you (Bevin’s) sympathetic and immediate consideration. Consequently the Quaid made repeated efforts to bring home to the Sikhs the desirability of their choice for Pakistan. cit, Vol. In 1947, most of the 4 million inhabitants of Kashmir were Muslim, but the maharaja was Hindu. Her total coal, production that too of an inferior quality amounted to a meager 500,000 tons a year. It is also true, however, that atrocities were carried out by Muslims as a tide of communal hatred swept across the subcontinent in late 1947. We have to do the best we can in adopting a provisional constitution for the Federal Legislature of Pakistan………Remember that you are now a sovereign legislative body and you have got all the powers. The reasons for decline are over population, terrorism, bad governance and low literacy level. The Eastern Times, 28 August 1947, p,i.e.The Pakistan Times, 19 August 1947, p. 4a. The problem for Pakistan was that the flow of water through the canals and rivers was controlled at a series of headworks all of which lay in the part of Punjab the canals and rivers were controllers at a series of headworks all of which lay in the part of Punjab that was now in India. Sayeed , Pakistan in the formative phase. On 14 August 1947, Muhammed Ali Jinnah was sworn in as Governor-general of Pakistan. He declared that Pakistan has come to exist forever, but it faced many problems before it could feel permanent. Pakistan had to build its administration from the start and officers were brought in specially from Delhi. Underdeveloped countries are losing in this effort, especially Pakistan. 69 – 70. (Ref "138"), Though cotton was the largest cash crop in West Pakistan, there were only a few cotton – mills – quite inadequate to handle it. Pakistan has different opportunities which can help it to solve its economic problem. The League felt that the states were under no compulsion to join either dominion and should be left free to decide for themselves. (Ref "106"), It appears that Mountbatten and Indian leaders were determined to make Pakistan a weak and feeble state, to be at the mercy of India. The division of assets between India and Pakistan was a significant issue, on the eve of independence between the two Dominions. (Ref "101"), But what it actually received, was a nominal one. Problems of access, quality, infrastructure and inequality of … (Ref "89"), When India sent its forces to Kashmir, the Quaid-i-Azam immediately ordered the officiating C-in-C Pakistan Army, General Gracey as General Frank Messervy, first C-in-C of Pakistan Army, was in London at that time to send troops into Kashmir to seize Baramula and Srinagar also Banihal Pass and to send troops into Mirpur district of Jammu. The government of Pakistan began to function. (Ref "58"), Infact the State had applied for accession earlier. The advocacy of Bengali was only to make it and the Devanagari script the rivals of the national language Urdu so that the creation and strengthening of nationalism would be impeded. While mainly honest, a goodly number of these imported officials had little sympathy with the Muslim Bengali’s whom they regarded as backward and crude. The first problem that Pakistan had to face was to choose a capital to form a Government and to establish a secretariat,Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan.Quaid-e-Azam took the office of the Governor General,Liaqat Ali Khan was appointed as Prime Minister and a Cabinet of experienced persons was selected.Arrangements were to be made to bring the officials who had opted for Pakistan from … Speaking at the ceremony of the presentation of the new Pakistani coins and notes to him, the Quaid-i-Azam said, “When we first raised our demand for a sovereign and independent state of Pakistan there were few false prophets who tried to deflect us from our set purpose by saying that Pakistan was not economically feasible. Hundreds of thousands of defenceless people have been mercilessly butchered and millions have been displaced from their hearths and homes. Major General Fazal Muqeem, The Story of Pakistan Army, p. 39. Approximately 5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan. I.H. A basic […] Standardizing Education System In Pakistan providing education the elite class education system in Pakistan emerged in mushroom. They started an anti-Pakistan campaign to prove that Pakistan would soon collapse financially. It was very difficult for me because my examed so near I search you your website and see your article No. Thousands of women – Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh – were abducted, never to be seen again by their relatives. Aziz Ali F. Muhammad, The Economy of Pakistan. The Government of Indian sent troops for its occupation in order to encircle Junagadh. At the time of partition she hardly inherited even a single formed military unit or a single exclusively Muslim battalion. (Ref "104"), Out of 36% of Pakistan’s share of military assets, India dispatched not more than two percent and even then no arms and ammunitions were sent. Though immediate pressing issues of communalism and refugees were high on the agenda, the problem of public health lurked behind and became evident soon after the emergence of East Pakistan. Pakistan is the country where more than half population is living below the poverty line. All the more, Bengali’s Chief Minister, Hussein S. Suherawardy, demanded Bengali’s complete independence in 1947 and, on being rebuffed by Quaid-i-Azam, decided not to live in Pakistan. At the time of partition, Pakistan had neither any Naval Headquarters nor any Naval Dockyard. The question arises, why Muslims from all over India wanted to migrate to Pakistan? Rushbrook Williams points out: The new government, however, shorn of every device for social or military control, had to face ad check these problems with dedicated resolve if with anything else. But, unfortunately the acting C-in-C of Pakistan Army was a Barister and not a Pakistani. (Ref "97"), The above quoted stunning report of Claude Auchinleck, Supreme Commander of the armies of India and Pakistan was sent to British Prime Minister on 28 September, 1947, just six weeks after the Partition. The disruption of communications and trade had brought business activity and revenue receipts to a low level. (Ref "122"), Though established against very heavy and formidable odds, Pakistan lacked strong cohesive forces. The first task before the newly born state was to form a government, and a cabinet of experienced people, with Muhammed Ali Jinnah as Governor-General and Liquate Ali Khan as Prime Minister, was formed. Timeline showing the problems facing the new nation of Pakistan. Food shipments from West Pakistan were fortunately arranged in time. The other factors’ were neither elaborated nor properly defined. 124 – 25. On 18th September, the Governor- General of Pakistan sent a telegram to the Governor-General of India stating that there were large troop concentrations along the borders of Junagadh and other States in Kathiawar which had acceded to Pakistan. cit. On 8 November, he flew to Karachi for important consultations with the Nawab of Junagadh. For many, Eid will be not an occasion of such great joy and rejoicing as in Pakistan. More were drowned than slaughtered and very few could reach Pakistan. Their morale is exceeding low and we shall have to do something to pull them out of slough of despondency and galvanize them into activity”. The rest were geographically linked with the Indian Union. Occasionally it even bisected a home, leaving a front door opening on to India and a rear windows looking into Pakistan. Ameritsar, Sheikhupura, Jullundur, and indeed most of the principal cities of the Punjab were in flames. Author:           Iqtidar Karamat Cheema cit, pp. The first problem that Pakistan had to face was to choose a capital to form a Government and to establish a secretariat. The most difficult problem Pakistan faces is the perception about it being the epicentre of Islamic extremism on the verge of an explosion in both political and social areas. Muhammad Zafarullah, Khan, The Forgotten years:  Merriors of Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Edited by A..H. Batalvi, Lahore 1991, p. 139. (Ref "139"), At the time of independence, Pakistan had, therefore, practically no industries to start with, no factories to press its jute, no mill for its cotton, and no tanneries for its hides. Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan. As soon as the accession was announced, India started a war of nerves, against these two States and certain other smaller states in Kathiawar. As the Governor – General of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam had to negotiate an instrument of accession with each of the states wishing to join the country. This day of rejoicing throughout the Muslim world so aptly comes immediately in the wake of our national State being established, and therefore, it is a matter of special significance and happiness to us all. Junagadh and Manavadhar infact signed the Instrument of Accession with Pakistan. On the other hand, Urdu was the mother tongue of only 6 percent people of the whole of Pakistan. Some central and provincial departments were lodged in army barracks and others in private buildings. More horrible than anything we saw during the war, is the universal comments of experienced officers, British and Indian, on the present slaughter in east Punjab. Pakistan was carved out in desperate urgency. Though Pakistan’s share of the stores was 160 train-load of military equipment and weapons. He called in three officers and sharply rebuked them. (Ref "121"). Hyderabad, which had been ruled by a Muslim dynasty from the days of the Mughal Empire, occupied a special place in the sentiments of Muslim India. That was natural as Pakistan had practically nothing of her own, and the reserves of stores which were lying in India, were essential for this country in order to strengthen its defence. It appears that Mountbatten was “fully aware of the Akali-RSSS (Rashtryiya Sawayam Sevak Sangh) conspiracy to eliminate the Muslims but had refused to take action”. The Punjab disturbances completed the process of 487 offices of scheduled banks in West Pakistan, only 69 were left after partition. He therefore addressed a letter to the British King as well as Prime Minister Attlee on 8 September 1947 reminding them of his ancestors and his loyalty to the British: In the villages, armed bandits plundered, burned, massacred, and raped women. (Ref "57"), Junagadh was the first state to accede to Pakistan and on the very day of the transfer of power, its Government announced the decision of the state to accede to Pakistan. Dr. Mohammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, op. (Ref "9"), According to the 1941 census, percentages of contiguous Muslim majority tehsils were as follow:(Ref "10"), Gurdaspur was a Muslim majority area and “the whole of it had to go to Pakistan”. It came into existence with horrible loss of life and property, and the migration of millions of dazed and destitute men, women, and… 1947 - 1953 Events 116, 264-65. Ever since, Pakistan has battled secessionist movements in NWFP, Balochistan, and Sindh. However, Jinnah said it was in the mutual interest of the states and dominion governments to make necessary adjustments. Prime Minister Attlee told the Nizam: Of Jilani Kamran, giving Bengali, the status of a national language; making it national language; were in no way fair or justifiable steps. Pakistan says the area was uninhabited, so there is no problem to this. I wish on this auspicious day a very happy Eid to all Muslims wherever they may be throughout the world the Eid will usher in, I hope, a new era of prosperity and will mark the onward march of renaissance of Islamic culture and ideals. 4, p. 2624 – 25. There was obviously much more on sound lines to do and the government had to find means to build the army with the help of military experts. The Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee, with sub-committee for the Army, Navy, Air Force and Finance had made agreed recommendations, which were accepted by the Joint Defence Council that army assets between the two Dominions be divided in the proportion of 64% to India and 36% to Pakistan. (Ref "76"), Manvadhar was a State in Kathiawar. For them Pakistan was only a transient phase, a tactical treat that did not affect their strategic aims. Upon arrival, there were no offices so interim offices were set up in barracks and public buildings just to kick things off. In 1947, Pakistan finally gained its long for independence, but it immediately faced very serious problems. Menon, secretary to the concerned department, and the cunning of Sardar Patel, the minister in charge, the accession of the states of India continued and the fear of possible balkanization of India was put to rest. The talukas of Sardargarh and Bantva also applied for accession to Pakistan but similarly they were also occupied by the Indian troops without furnishing any intimation to the Government of Pakistan. He himself confessed before a crowded audience in London on 29 June 1948 that: “We have had long discussions on how to fit this great State, with its 17,000,000 population, into the picture……It was heart breaking to Sir Walter Monckton, and to myself that the proposals we jointly worked out were not accepted. It presented the first major challenge to Pakistan. Had the orders of the Quaid-i-Azam been obeyed, troops moved to their objectives and a few PAF fighters flown to intercept Indian war planes, the story of Kashmir would have been different. cit. Therefore, India should withdraw its forces from the State, hand back the administration to the Nawab and refrain from committing acts of violence and subversion against Junagadh. I believe it to be the case that the Indian Government have agreed that Lord Mountbatten as Governor-General should continue to play a part in the negotiations between India and Hyderabad. (Ref "82"), The Nizam appealed to the British Government to intervene but the latter adopted a lukewarm attitude and refused to mediate between the Nizam and the Indian Government. They demanded that both Urdu and Bangla should be the State Languages of Pakistan on the ground that the Majority of the People of Pakistan lived in East Bengal and spoke Bangla. 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